In 2003, UNESCO devised an international solution to combat the illicit traffic of cultural property: the UNESCO Database of National Cultural Heritage Laws.
By compiling on the Internet the national laws of its Member States, UNESCO offers all stakeholders involved (Governments, customs officials, art dealers, organizations, lawyers, buyers and so forth) a complete and easily accessible source of information. In the event of a legal question about the origin of an object (which may have been stolen, pillaged, or illegally exported, imported or acquired), it is useful to have rapid access to the relevant national laws.
The UNESCO Database of National Cultural Heritage Laws allows the following to be consulted:
- national laws currently in force related to the protection of the cultural heritage in general;
- import/export certificates for cultural property (available on request);
- official or unofficial translations of national laws and certificates;
- contact details for the national authorities responsible for the protection of the cultural heritage;
- addresses of the official national websites dedicated to the protection of the cultural heritage.
The database offers access to national legislation relating to the cultural heritage in general, in other words the laws on the following main categories of heritage:
- cultural heritage:
-tangible cultural heritage:
->immovable cultural heritage (monuments, archaeological sites, etc.)
->movable cultural heritage (paintings, coins, archaeological objects, etc.)
->underwater cultural heritage (shipwrecks, underwater cities, etc.-intangible cultural heritage (oral traditions, performing arts, rituals, etc.)
- natural heritage (natural sites, physical, biological or geological formations, etc.).
For more information, please see the list of international normative instruments for the protection of the cultural heritage (conventions, agreements, charters, codes, declarations, action plans, protocols, recommendations, etc.).
When the Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) was established in 1879, the telephone was in its infancy and the radio was still a decade or more away. Inventors such as Bell, Tesla, and Marconi revolutionized how we communicated in the late 19th century, but even greater steps were made in the late 1930s, with the advent of television, and 1940s, with digital computers. During this time, the AIA reached out to the public through lectures and, beginning in 1948, with ARCHAEOLOGY magazine. But even then, the power of “new” media was apparent, for example in the popularity of the 1950s television series “What in the World?” featuring artifacts, curators, and celebrities.
